政一B 邱科翰 (12)

姓名 : 邱科翰

班級 : 政一B

學號 : 07114248

[標題] Japan medical schools 'rigged women's results', BBC

[內文] At least nine Japanese medical schools manipulated admissions, in part to exclude female students, a government investigation has found.

The inquiry was launched in August, after the prestigious Tokyo Medical University (TMU) was found to have tampered with the scores of female applicants from as early as 2006.

Reports cited concerns that many women would not go on to practise medicine.

Japan's education minister said the scandal was "deeply disappointing".

"I want the universities to make immediate and courteous responses regarding the situation of the applicants," Masahiko Shibayama was quoted as saying by the Kyodo news agency after the report was published on Friday.

Japan's government has been trying to boost women in the workforce and especially into senior positions. The medical schools' sexism scandal has come as a setback.

The revelations about TMU in August sparked a national outcry, and in response the education ministry looked at the entrance exams of 81 medical schools.

According to the Asahi Shimbun newspaper - 10 universities were identified has having held "inappropriate entrance exams" - meaning students were treated different based on characteristics including their age or sex.

It said nine universities, including TMU, Kitasato University and Juntendo University, were guilty of such practices. A tenth, the St Marianna University School of Medicine, was also named but has denied any wrongdoing.

"Each university must deal with the matter swiftly and thoroughly," Mr Shibayama said, according to the Asahi Shimbun.

The investigation found other improper practices, including universities favouring the children of alumni and being biased against those who had sat the entrance exam multiple times.

Back in August the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper quoted an unnamed source saying officials at TMU had adopted a "silent understanding" to reduce the number of female entrants over concerns female graduates were not going on to practice medicine in employment.

"Many female students who graduate end up leaving the actual medical practice to give birth and raise children," the source told the newspaper.

Earlier this week, Juntendo University said it set the bar higher for women because they are better at communication than men and would have an advantage in the face-to-face interview component.

Twenty-four women are calling for the TMU to pay them 100,000 yen ($880; £700) in compensation. More than 40 applicants from the 2017 and 2018 entry rounds have now been accepted for entry after the university made contact with 101 candidates, AFP news agency reports.

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[相關憲法條文]

憲法第七條 : 中華民國人民，無分男女，宗教，種族，階級，黨派，在法律上一律平等。

憲法第二十一條 : 人民有受國民教育之權利與義務。

憲法第一百五十六條 : 國家為奠定民族生存發展之基礎，應保護母性，並實施婦女兒童福利政策。

憲法第一百五十八條 : 教育文化，應發展國民之民族精神，自治精神，國民道德，健全體格，科學及生活智能。

憲法第一百五十九條 : 國民受教育之機會一律平等。

憲法第一百六十二條 : 全國公私立之教育文化機關，依法律受國家之監督。

憲法增修條文第十條 (部分) : 國家應維護婦女之人格尊嚴，保障婦女之人身安全，消除性別歧視，促進兩性地位之實質平等。

{相關法條}

性別平等教育法第一條 : 為促進性別地位之實質平等，消除性別歧視，維護人格尊嚴，厚植並建立性別平等之教育資源與環境，特制定本法。

本法未規定者，適用其他法律之規定。

性別平等教育法第二條 : 本法用詞定義如下：

一、性別平等教育：指以教育方式教導尊重多元性別差異，消除性別歧視，促進性別地位之實質平等。

二、學校：指公私立各級學校。

三、性侵害：指性侵害犯罪防治法所稱性侵害犯罪之行為。

四、性騷擾：指符合下列情形之一，且未達性侵害之程度者：

（一）以明示或暗示之方式，從事不受歡迎且具有性意味或性別歧視之言詞或行為，致影響他人之人格尊嚴、學習、或工作之機會或表現者 。

（二）以性或性別有關之行為，作為自己或他人獲得、喪失或減損其學習或工作有關權益之條件者。

五、性霸凌：指透過語言、肢體或其他暴力，對於他人之性別特徵、性別特質、性傾向或性別認同進行貶抑、攻擊或威脅之行為且非屬性騷擾者。

六、性別認同：指個人對自我歸屬性別的自我認知與接受。

七、校園性侵害、性騷擾或性霸凌事件：指性侵害、性騷擾或性霸凌事件之一方為學校校長、教師、職員、工友或學生，他方為學生者。

性別平等教育法第四條 : 中央主管機關應設性別平等教育委員會，其任務如下：

一、研擬全國性之性別平等教育相關法規、政策及年度實施計畫。

二、協調及整合相關資源，協助並補助地方主管機關及所主管學校、社教機構落實性別平等教育之實施與發展。

三、督導考核地方主管機關及所主管學校、社教機構性別平等教育相關工作之實施。

四、推動性別平等教育之課程、教學、評量與相關問題之研究與發展。

五、規劃及辦理性別平等教育人員之培訓。

六、提供性別平等教育相關事項之諮詢服務及調查、處理與本法有關之案件。

七、推動全國性有關性別平等之家庭教育及社會教育。

八、其他關於全國性之性別平等教育事務。

性別平等教育法第十三條 : 學校之招生及就學許可不得有性別、性別特質、性別認同或性傾向之差別待遇。但基於歷史傳統、特定教育目標或其他非因性別因素之正當理由， 經該管主管機關核准而設置之學校、班級、課程者，不在此限。

性別平等教育法第十四條 : 學校不得因學生之性別、性別特質、性別認同或性傾向而給予教學、活動、評量、獎懲、福利及服務上之差別待遇。但性質僅適合特定性別、性別特質、性別認同或性傾向者，不在此限。

學校應對因性別、性別特質、性別認同或性傾向而處於不利處境之學生積極提供協助，以改善其處境。

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心得評論：

To be straight to the point, I’m not much surprised by this news, given the fact that these acts were common in Asian culture even to this day. 

These acts committed by schools focused on two main stereotypes against women — that women won’t participate in the workforce, rendering their education unneeded, and women are better at some categories than men, therefore are subject to more demanding standards. The first point is somewhat true in Japan, the other point is debatable. I’ll start by criticising the first point. 

How could anyone be subject to higher standards, or be denied entry into educational facilities just because they “might” not apply their received profession into the workforce ? What does that make those people who chose “no”, a “burden” to the society ? Contributing via house economics is one way to participate in the national product output, too. Plus there are now numerous examples where workers’ actual careers did not align with their received education. So what profession one majors in school now matters less in this fast-paced society. The arguments made by schools were simply ridiculous, period. 

Another argument made by one of the schools stated that women were better at communications than men, justifying them to more demanding standards that, more often than not, led to their denial into these schools. Now, while the first point is somewhat true in Japan’s society, the second point is clearly nonsense. This is plain, out-right stupid, a claim made by higher educational facilities yet with few scientific support. I don’t even want to comment on this because it’s too easy to overturn this argument. 

In short, nice job, Ministry of Education of Japan. These things needs to be exposed and compensation must be made to restore justice and public trust. These applicants deserve better.