政一B 邱科翰 (11)

姓名 : 邱科翰

班級 : 政一B

學號 : 07114248

[標題] 70 years on, landmark UN human rights document as important as ever, 09/12/18, United Nations 

[內文] Thanks to the Declaration, and States’ commitments to its principles, the dignity of millions has been uplifted, untold human suffering prevented and the foundations for a most just world have been laid.

High Commissioner hails continued relevance of Declaration

Michelle Bachelet, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, said in a statement released on Wednesday that the document has gone from being an “aspirational treatise” to a set of standards that has “permeated virtually every area of international law.”

The Declaration has shown itself to be as relevant today, as it has always been, and is applicable to situations and scenarios that could not have been foreseen at its inception, such as the need to govern artificial intelligence and the digital world, and to counter the effects of climate change on people.

Ms. Bachelet said the she remains convinced that the human rights ideal, laid down in the Declaration, has been one of the most constructive advances of ideas in human history, as well as one of the most successful.

The human rights chief pointed out that women played a prominent role in drafting the document: Eleanor Roosevelt chaired the drafting committee, and women from Denmark, Pakistan, the Communist bloc and other countries around the world also made crucial contributions. Consequently, the document is, for its time, remarkably free from sexist language, almost always referring to “everyone,” “all” or “no one” throughout its 30 Articles.

Human rights violations perpetrated ‘on a daily basis’

Celebrating the resilience of the human rights system, and the contributions of the Declaration to advancing human progress, peace and development, a team of independent experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council, in a statement published on Friday, echoed Ms. Bachelet’s comments, noting that the “protection provided by the international human rights system has increased including by addressing new and emerging human rights issues and demonstrating its capacity to evolve and respond to people’s needs and expectations.”

However, the experts detailed some of the many violations of international law and human dignity that are perpetrated on a daily basis in many countries: “Recent memory is replete with multiple examples of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Impunity reigns supreme in many countries undergoing conflicts or political upheavals, encouraged by narrow national objectives, geopolitics and political impasse at the United Nations Security Council.”

They also said that the upsurge of nationalism and xenophobia seen in countries of asylum, at a time of rising forced-migration, is “reversing the gains of international humanitarian cooperation of the last 70 years.”

This year is the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN on 10 December 1948. The Universal Declaration – translated into a world record 500 languages – is rooted in the principle that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” It remains relevant to everyone, every day.

In honour of the 70th anniversary of this extraordinarily influential document, and to prevent its vital principles from being eroded, the UN is urging people everywhere to “Stand Up for Human Rights”.

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[相關憲法條文] (涵蓋過多, 僅列舉數樣)

憲法第五條 : 中華民國各民族一律平等。

憲法第七條 : 中華民國人民，無分男女、宗教、種族、階級、黨派，在法律上一律平等。

憲法第十條 : 人民有居住及遷徙之自由。

憲法第十一條 : 人民有言論、講學、著作及出版之自由。

憲法第十二條 : 人民有秘密通訊之自由。

憲法第十三條 : 人民有信仰宗教之自由。

憲法第十四條 : 人民有集會及結社之自由。

憲法第十五條 : 人民之生存權、工作權及財產權，應予保障。

憲法第十六條 : 人民有請願、訴願及訴訟之權。

憲法第十七條 : 人民有選舉、罷免、創制及複決之權。

憲法第二十一條 : 人民有受國民教育之權利與義務。

憲法第二十二條 : 凡人民之其他自由及權利，不妨害社會秩序公共利益者，均受憲法之保障。

憲法第一百二十九條 : 本憲法所規定之各種選舉，除本憲法別有規定外，以普通、平等、直接及無記名投票之方法行之。

憲法第一百五十二條 : 人民具有工作能力者，國家應予以適當之工作機會。

憲法第一百五十五條 : 國家為謀社會福利，應實施社會保險制度。人民之老弱殘廢，無力生活，及受非常災害者，國家應予以適當之扶助與救濟。

憲法第一百五十六條 : 國家為奠定民族生存發展之基礎，應保護母性，並實施婦女兒童福利政策。

憲法第一百五十八條 : 教育文化，應發展國民之民族精神、自治精神、國民道德、健全體格、科學及生活智能。

憲法第一百五十九條 : 國民受教育之機會，一律平等。

憲法第一百六十三條 : 國家應注重各地區教育之均衡發展，並推行社會教育，以提高一般國民之文化水準，邊遠及貧瘠地區之教育文化經費，由國庫補助之。其重要之教育文化事業，得由中央辦理或補助之。

憲法第一百六十六條 : 國家應獎勵科學之發明與創造，並保護有關歷史、文化、藝術之古蹟、古物。

{相關法條} (涵蓋過多, 僅列舉數樣)

國民教育法第一條 : 國民教育依中華民國憲法第一百五十八條之規定，以養成德、智、體、群、美五育均衡發展之健全國民為宗旨。

國民教育法第二條 : 凡六歲至十五歲之國民，應受國民教育；已逾齡未受國民教育之國民，應受國民補習教育。 六歲至十五歲國民之強迫入學，另以法律定之。

全民健康保險法 : 為增進全體國民健康，辦理全民健康保險（以下稱本保險），以提供醫療

服務，特制定本法。 本保險為強制性之社會保險，於保險對象在保險有效期間，發生疾病、傷害、生育事故時，依本法規定給與保險給付。

勞工保險條例第一條 : 為保障勞工生活，促進社會安全，制定本條例；本條例未規定者，適用其他有關法律。

勞動基準法第一條 : 為規定勞動條件最低標準，保障勞工權益，加強勞雇關係，促進社會與經

濟發展，特制定本法；本法未規定者，適用其他法律之規定。

雇主與勞工所訂勞動條件，不得低於本法所定之最低標準。

公職人員選舉罷免法第一條 : 公職人員選舉、罷免，依本法之規定。

集會遊行法第一條 : 為保障人民集會﹑遊行之自由，維持社會秩序，特制定本法。

本法未規定者，適用其他法律之規定。

刑事訴訟法第一條 : 犯罪，非依本法或其他法律所定之訴訟程序，不得追訴、處罰。

現役軍人之犯罪，除犯軍法應受軍事裁判者外，仍應依本法規定追訴、處罰。

因受時間或地域之限制，依特別法所為之訴訟程序，於其原因消滅後，尚未判決確定者，應依本法追訴、處罰。

文化創意產業發展法第一條 : 為促進文化創意產業之發展，建構具有豐富文化及創意內涵之社會環境，運用科技與創新研發，健全文化創意產業人才培育，並積極開發國內外市場，特制定本法。 文化創意產業之發展，依本法之規定。其他法律規定較本法更有利者，從其規定。

文化藝術獎助條例 : 為扶植文化藝術事業，輔導藝文活動，保障文化藝術工作者，促進國家文化建設，提昇國民文化水準，特制定本條例；本條例未規定者，適用其他有關法律之規定。

通訊保障及監察法第一條 : 為保障人民秘密通訊自由及隱私權不受非法侵害，並確保國家安全，維護社會秩序，特制定本法。

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心得評論：

It doesn’t get any bigger than this. Although it’s not legally-binding, it was certainly the most renowned, most widely quoted and recognised document on human rights — The UDHR, adopted on this day (10/12), exactly 70 years ago. What could relate to the ROC constitution better than this ? One just need to look at how much of the declaration’s concept was codified within constitutions of states around the world to tell how influential its idea was, and still is. 

The ROC constitution dedicated an entire chapter, literally, to outline the basic civil rights. The UDHR did pretty much the same, only that some of its concept was categorised under the “fundamental state policy” chapter within the ROC constitution legal structure. The UDHR’s definition of human rights was highly idealised, which drew many critics from the more conservative side. I was never a “totally” “die-hard” supporter of it, but no one could argue that the concept was sweet, and that its effect could be felt globally. And in order to fulfil that vision, the ROC took various means to pursue that end, too. A considerable amount of code of laws were meant to detail and enable the application of human rights documented in the constitution. Such laws cover everything from labour insurance and communications to mandatory education and criminal procedure. 

Since human rights in the ROC were more or less modelled after the vision crafted by the UDHR, our constitution not only defends basic civil rights that ensured one’s survival, but also protects the more “unnecessary”/“not-so-urgent” rights like cultural rights. Rights which argued that every citizen were entitled to “enjoy” a certain degree of cultural activities and could harness the profits gained through such activities. Not entirely “necessary”, but still nice to have. The UDHR also promoted electoral democracy, widely recognised as a system of advanced governance that required a high level of political development and rich political culture. Whether Taiwan could be classified as such was another topic up for debate, but nonetheless we still enjoyed the “freedom”. 

As a conclusion, even though it has no “hard” legal effect, the UDHR did possess vast influence by ironing the idea of universal human rights into the minds of millions, and saw the idea being codified in constitutions around the globe. As controversial as it is, an important masterpiece it remains.